CONTENTS INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND
OBJECTIVES RATIONALE HYPOTHESIS
THEORETICAL OVERVIEW OF THE DEPARTMENT OF CARAZO
or geographical position. Source
or Department
or geographical and political situation or Physiographic features
Source Relief
Soil of Soil Classification
Soils Hydrography Climate
or Bio-geographical aspects and Human Aspects
DEPARTMENT MAJOR CITIES CARAZO
or Jinotepe
Diriamba
or San Marcos or GROW
ORGANIZATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF URBAN SPATIAL ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT
or general economic department.
or economic activities.
Markets.
Tourism.
or economic growth. Activities
future economic growth.
or Transportation or Industry
CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS
GLOSSARY REFERENCES APPENDICES
DEVELOPMENT. INTRODUCTION
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n This document presents the study to the Department of Carazo, in order to know more about this department, in order to propose a plan for industrial growth in the transport sector as necessary. This information is presented in the main clauses as generalities the department and its peculiarities, as well as economic activities that take place in the sector, with an emphasis on industrial parks and small industries are operating in the department.
The document has, with the main features of the municipalities of the department, which covers the culture and customs of these. Presents different people's everyday activities as well as attractions and economic features department, geography and geomorphology of Carazo was covered quickly, and the flora and fauna characteristic of the sector. Also
submit the program to take after seeing the main needs of the department in transport and industry, taking into account the raw material obtained in the region for the case of industries and the different routes and number of people leaving and enter the department with different purposes and this is based on public demand in the sector, this program will have the master plan, strategies and other elements that must be taken into account, because of the peculiarities of the sector as well as a plan economic growth based on the exploitation of the different peculiarities of the department of Carazo.
HISTORY DEPARTMENT HOME
E
l Carazo, former nicaquirano indigenous population whose origin remains have not been cleared yet, the arrival of the English apparently were under the command of Chief Diriangen. On January 16, 1891, Deputy Rappaccioli Buenaventura submitted to the legislature the project operator of the department of Carazo, which was approved on 17 October of that year, rising to Jinotepe district department head. This department is named after Colonel Evaristo Carazo. Of little significance during colonial policy and the principles of independent living, the department began its commercial and agricultural life in a relevant way in the second half of last century, when its inhabitants strongly devoted to coffee.
geographical and political situation
Carazo with 1.032 square kilometers, is located on the southern Pacific coast of Nicaragua and bounded on the north by the department of Masaya, Granada to the east, south and the ocean Rivas west Pacific and Managua.
The geographical coordinates of the five highlights of the department of Carazo are:
Far North Latitude West Longitude
A 86o26 '11o43'
B 86o17 '11o35'
C 86o04 '11o54'
D 86o17 '11o57'
E 86o23 '11o53'
Politically the town is divided into 8 municipalities: Municipalities
Jinotepe
Area% 281 27.2 6.8 89
Conquest
Diriamba 341 33.0 2 0.2 Dolores
La Paz de Carazo
13 1.3 9 0.9
El Rosario 113 San Marcos Santa
11.0 Teresa
184 17.8 1.032 100.0 Carazo
PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Origin of soils
Early Tertiary period the ancient continental shelf of Nicaragua emerged from the Pacific to form a sedimentary plain. This platform banks had accumulated sediments over millions of years ago with a process of lifting heavy and uneven in the area decreased to Poneloya Rivas. In the first region outcrop sedimentary rocks during the Cretaceous period, but as you progress along the northwest coastal sediments are discovered in stages: Cretaceous (Rivas), Eocene (Brown), Oligocene (Masachapa) and Miocene (El Fraile and Tamari).
The coastal area between the rivers Escalante and tamarind is dissected by numerous streams flowing from the southern slope of the mountain plateau of Managua and Peoples. This area is dominated by sedimentary rocks during the Oligocene and Miocene and is characterized by shale, quartz sandstone and tuff fossil wood or xilópalo salty, which is presented in logs or blocks. Wood fossil that pure silica hydrates, mineralogically known as opal xiloidea, reveals the presence of lush coastal forests Oligocene. In the region of El Salto shelly there are rich deposits that provide raw material for the operation of the lime. The sector is orographically plane.
Possibly from the late Tertiary, but especially in the early Quaternary became apparent resurgence of volcanic activity on the plain of marine origin as described above. During the Pleistocene many volcanoes erupted along faults of the plain and followed each other in a long chain of cycles as a result, large accumulations of volcanic material Quaternary (up to 900 meters thick) buried marine sediments in its entirety, except for the narrow coastal strip of the Pacific which are still visible because they were not hit by the debris of Quaternary volcanism.
The Origin of soil described above has been determined that possession of land only Carazo of the Tertiary in the southern half and the Quaternary in the northern half. In this last area that forms a wide plateau of 900 meters and is the eastern termination of the Sierras de Managua, are located the main cities of Carazo. In the southern slope, the hills of Managua staggered down toward the Pacific Ocean and are covered with vegetation regular maintained by the damp area near marina.
Relief of dreams
Carazo is a plateau that rises gradually from the Pacific and around until Jinotepe and Diriamba Nandaime not no mountain high standing. South along the sea, stretching from the Pacific plains to the east rise the peaks low Conquest geologically part of the Isthmus of Rivas. The southern plain is well watered for at every mile of coastline leads to a river.
soil classification currently
has only partial studies on the soils of Carazo. Have conducted research in soils neighboring municipalities and Diriamba Jinotepe where one can appreciate the increased use of land and in places near San Rafael del Sur, which are of some importance in agriculture. Soils and Diriamba Jinotepe neighbors have a texture ranging from silt loam and fine sandy-loam and have good surface drainage and internal drainage medium. As already explained, these soils have developed on volcanic material, in turn scoria horizon rests on something deeper with abundant silica. The topography of the area ranges from hilly to flat. The original volcanic material has been heavily eroded and weathered through a pedogenic processes. These
young soils rich in calcium and well drained, belong to the group of brown-latositicos forest, characterized by having a friable topsoil, grading to very dark brown through lighter materials because of the vegetation, good surface drainage and permeability average soil.
The most important details of these soils, covering the municipalities of Jinotepe, Diriamba and the Rosary, can be summarized as follows:
1. Horizontal A-1 subdivided into A-11 and A-12, reaching depths from 0.30 to 0.50 inches, textured loam and fine sandy-loam with gravel in small quantities for A-11 and A-12, respectively.
2. AC horizon, 40 cm thick with abundant volcanic debris, broken talpetate very fine and half gravel.
3. C horizon, consisting of volcanic slag 3 cm thick with abundant quartz silica and pumice.
dominant slopes are of 5-30% and 0-5% less often. Other soils Caracena, neighbors in San Rafael del Sur, are also brown-latositico forest, well drained, medium texture, developed from volcanic materials (basalt on talpetate trainer yellow material) coated with quaternary sediments recent torrential deposition. These soils have varying depths and brown surface color. The talpetate is dispersed in some areas. The yellow material have a loamy sand texture, and it is assumed that the conditions of altitude above sea level (650-900 meters.), conditions of high relative humidity and low temperatures are the cause of which has not yet come to form talpetate solid layer. In this area, soils are outstanding and consequently a severe wind erosion and hydrological. Hydrography
Nicaraguan basin formation has undergone noticeable changes since the formation of the lake basin to intercept large part to many rivers that originally flowed into the Pacific, forcing them to pour water into the Caribbean. This displacement of the watershed to western lakes, has determined the formation of short rivers flowing into the Pacific as opposed to the long and winding rivers that make their way to the Atlantic. The plain south of the department of Carazo is crossed by a number of streams, some of whom lost river flow during summer. Over 40 kilometers of coastline on the Pacific Ocean are located nine major rivers: Tecolapa, the Tular (Masapa mouth), Trinity (entrance The Boquita) Amayito (tributary), Rio Grande, Tecomapa, Ran, Achaia and Escalante. Among the final tours of these and other rivers of lesser importance, with some small valleys and plains where soils are readily fertility and are always surrounded by vegetation.
Today, in addition to the wells drilled on some farms and livestock for human service, are known to exist in the Central Plateau of 28 artesian wells 700 feet deep, driven by electric pumps and distributed. WEATHER
Currently there are no weather stations in Carazo, but from conversations with people in the department who have had some experience with respect to climate has been the following information:
BIO-GEOGRAPHIC ASPECTS
Ecologically Carazo There are two types of formations and tropical biological communities, sub-tropical mixed forests semiboscosa humid-tropical savanna-dry. The first includes the plateau of Peoples (Diriamba, Jinotepe, Santa Teresa0 and is characterized by elevations of 600 meters and rainfall of 1.500 and 2.000 mm per year, the second includes the rest of the department and is characterized by greater height 600 meters and rainfall of 1.270 and 1.700 mm per year.
The forest-mixed-humid sub-tropical, have reduced deciduous species of evergreen species. The oak forests are composed of several species of the genus Quercus which islets are sometimes mixed with pine forests. In some localities have occupied the oak floors in what had previously pines.
As a dominant species in acidic reaction granitic soils have the Pinus oocarpa or Ocote, as well as the Araucaceas.
In the fauna of this area of \u200b\u200bmixed forest are the cuckoo corridor "soul dog" (Geococcyx velox), pheasant of oak (Wood-nicaraguae), the sayaquinque of coffee (cissilopha helanocyane) tail pigeon flock (Columba flavirostris) the raven (CorVu corax) and crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis).
The semiboscosa-tropical savannah, dry, presents a complex ecological system composed of herbaceous savannas, dry deciduous forest, savanna forest thinning and artificial communities as well as pastures, crop areas and orchards.
Notable feature of the ecology of this area is the seasonal contrast between the rainy season and drought. With the fall of the first rains revived the freshness and fresh green, which stands between the months of May and November. In the following months, the mantle of green vegetable is gradually fading, falling leaves from deciduous and herbaceous becoming the floor in a beige carpet and sterile. Paradoxically, the "tropical summer is winter in temperate regions, characterized both by their state of dormancy in nature.
also notes that the rainy season in the process of photosynthesis, autonutricion and vegetation growth are more important, being the dry season the reproductive process in flowering and fruiting. The fauna, however, follows a reverse process: it feeds and breeds in the summer just in time to the first rains, when the resurgent vegetation provides shelter and food to the offspring.
The natural savanna grass gragineas consists mainly of the genera Andropogon, Cenchroa, Cynodon, Sporolobus, with islets of wild grass Paspalum, Panicum already entered and some genera of Cyperaceae. Among the legumes are: Crotalaria, Bornia, mimosa, Rubiaceae: Noon and Borreria, and composites: jalacute mount (Tithonia), the yellow flower (Wedwlia) and the me-if-not-me-if (Melampodium). The fauna is represented by wild mice (Oryzomys, and sirmodon lyomis) runners lizards (Cnemidophorus), doves (scardafella), quail (Colinus) and partridges (Crypturellus). Other copies bush
most important are the veal guasimo (Pithecellobiun) pochote (Lysiloma nultifoliatum). On the banks of the rivers are quite frequently Economic sapote (couropita nicaraguensis the espavel (anacardium exelsum) and ceiba (Ceiba pentandra).
members include mammalian fauna are cited: the fox tail peeled (Didelphis marsupialis ), the common squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides), the Guardatinajas (Agoutipaca), the raccoon (procyron lotor), the coati (nasura narica), weasel (Mustela frenata), ocelot (Felis pardalis). Congas are disappearing (Alouatta villosa), monkeys (Ateles geofroyi), deer (Odocoileus virginatus) and Couch (choleopues hoffmani).
Birds are numerous: frutivoras as chachalacas (Ortalis), magpies (Calocitta) parakeets (Aratinga), parrots (Amazona), toucans, grackles, etc.. Insectivorous, like the bird bobo (Piaya), carpenters (centurus) guardabarrancos (eumomotus) saltapinhuelas, sosontles, Guice, etc.. Birds of prey such as vultures (Cathartes), Hawks (accipiters), owls (Strigid) etc.
mention the reptiles, tortoises and aquatic, arboreal lizards, iguanas, snakes harmless colubrid family, corals or elapid and Viper, among them the dreaded Tobobe bothrox genus, are also snakes of the genus Crotalus. Amphibians prefer swampy areas or temporary puddles left by rain which also attract large numbers of wading birds including herons (Ardeidae). HUMAN ASPECTS
Ethnic composition
The territory which today forms the Republic of Nicaragua was inhabited at the time of the conquest, by four tribes. These peoples were the Niquiranos, the Chorotegans, the Chontales and caribisis. The niquiranos, descendants of the ancient inhabitants of Mexico and Mid civilization occupied a large part of Nicaraguan territory extending to the Pacific Ocean to the west and north had limited the river tamarind. They were governed by chief Nicarao or Nicaragua, who lived in Nicaraocali (Rivas). Thereafter
came to develop the current ethnic composition of that region which is under the department of Carazo. During colonial times and after it became apparent miscegenation, with its predominance of the indigenous element in the entire Pacific coast. The target group more or less pure, English colonial origin, in some cases and more modern cosmopolitan origin, in others it is the smallest. This group includes a large proportion of the population, its culture and lifestyles European white called though at first glance be seen in these manifestations of mostly indigenous descent. It is also of note that many rural population groups, with indigenous features more or less pure, but completely acculturated, that is to say they speak English, but Indians are not considered mestizos, because they have left the native dress and have adopted many customs group called white. Population
According to the census 1963, the population of the department of Carazo reached 65.888 inhabitants, compared to 52.138 that was in 1950, shows an increase of 13,750, which in relative terms represents a 26.4% growth to an annual geometric rate of 1.8%. This growth rate is lower than the general of the Republic was 2.9%.
In 1963 the department's rural population accounted for 56.8% and 58.0% in 1950. This could be indicative of increased growth of the urban population, both urban and natural growth of certain migratory processes of rural-urban, and also confirms its agricultural property.
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